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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mushroom Spring</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><table class="wikitable float-right infobox toptextcells vorlage-infobox-wasserquelle" style="width:310px; max-width:320px; margin:0px 0px 10px 10px;">
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<th colspan="2" style="background-color:#CEDAF2;font-size:125%;">Mushroom Spring<sup id="cite_ref-Montana_MS_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Montana_MS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br>(Mushroom Pool<sup id="cite_ref-GoogleM_MP_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GoogleM_MP-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)
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<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;padding:0px;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span><br> <span style="font-size:90%">Mushroom Spring. Inlet: mikrobieller Mattenkern.<sup id="cite_ref-Thiel2017_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thiel2017-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color:#CEDAF2;">Lage
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<td>Land oder Region
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<td><a href="Teton_County_(Wyoming)" title="Teton County (Wyoming)">Teton County</a>, <a href="Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a>, <a href="USA" class="mw-redirect" title="USA">USA</a>
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<td>Koordinaten</td>
<td><span id="Mushroom_Spring(Mushroom_Pool)" class="coordinates -print"><a class="external text" href="geo:44.5387,-110.798"><span title="Breitengrad">44° 32′ 19″ <abbr title="Nord">N</abbr></span>, <span title="Längengrad">110° 47′ 53″ <abbr title="West">W</abbr></span></a></span><span class="geo noexcerpt" style="display:none"><span class="body"></span><span class="latitude">44.5387</span><span class="longitude">-110.798</span><span class="elevation"></span></span>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color:#CEDAF2; text-align:left;">Geologie
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<td>Quelltyp</td>
<td><a href="Thermalquelle" title="Thermalquelle">Thermalquelle</a>
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<td>Austrittsart</td>
<td><a href="Quelltopf" class="mw-redirect" title="Quelltopf">Quelltopf</a>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color:#CEDAF2; text-align:left;">Hydrologie
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<td>Flusssystem</td>
<td><a href="Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>
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<td>Vorfluter</td>
<td>White Creek → <a href="Firehole_River" title="Firehole River">Firehole River</a> → <a href="Madison_River" title="Madison River">Madison River</a> → <a href="Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri River</a> → <a href="Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> → <a href="Golf_von_Mexiko" title="Golf von Mexiko">Golf von Mexiko</a>
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<p><span class="geo noexcerpt" style="display:none"><span class="body"></span><span class="latitude">44.5387</span><span class="longitude">-110.798</span><span class="elevation"></span></span><span id="coordinates" class="coordinates -print"><span title="Koordinatensystem WGS84">Koordinaten: </span><a class="external text" href="geo:44.5387,-110.798"><span title="Breitengrad">44° 32′ 19,3″ <abbr title="Nord">N</abbr></span>, <span title="Längengrad">110° 47′ 52,8″ <abbr title="West">W</abbr></span></a></span>
</p><p><b>Mushroom Spring</b> (oder <b>Mushroom Pool</b>) ist die Bezeichnung einer <a href="Thermalquelle" title="Thermalquelle">heißen Quelle</a> im <a href="Unteres_Geysir-Becken" title="Unteres Geysir-Becken">unteren Geysir-Becken</a> des <a href="Yellowstone-Nationalpark" title="Yellowstone-Nationalpark">Yellowstone-Nationalparks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Montana_MS_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Montana_MS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GoogleM_MP_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GoogleM_MP-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die Quelle befindet sich in der Nähe der großen Geysire <a href="Great-Fountain-Geysir" title="Great-Fountain-Geysir">Great-Fountain-Geysir</a> und <a href="White-Dome-Geysir" title="White-Dome-Geysir">White-Dome-Geysir</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bryan2008_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bryan2008-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die Temperatur des Quellwassers, wenn es aus der Tiefe an die Oberfläche kommt, beträgt 69° C und nimmt am Abfluss ab.<sup id="cite_ref-Thiel2017_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thiel2017-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Licht ist die wichtigste Energiequelle für die <a href="Phototroph" class="mw-redirect" title="Phototroph">phototrophe</a> <a href="Mikroben" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikroben">mikrobielle</a> <a href="Biofilm" title="Biofilm">Matte</a> im Mushroom Spring. Obwohl sie oft einfach als eine „Cyanobakterienmatte“ bezeichnet wird, leben in der Matte ganz unterschiedliche phototrophe Bakterien, neben <a href="Cyanobakterien" title="Cyanobakterien">Cyanobakterien</a> auch <a href="Gr%C3%BCne_Nichtschwefelbakterien" title="Grüne Nichtschwefelbakterien">Grüne Nichtschwefelbakterien</a> und <a href="Gr%C3%BCne_Schwefelbakterien" title="Grüne Schwefelbakterien">Grüne Schwefelbakterien</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Thiel2017_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thiel2017-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mikroökologie"><span id="Mikro.C3.B6kologie"></span>Mikroökologie</h2></div>
<p>Die Erforschung biologischer Organismen in <a href="Thermalquelle" title="Thermalquelle">heißen Quellen</a> begann in den 1960er Jahren. Anfangs dachte man, dass <a href="Thermophil" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermophil">thermophile</a> <a href="Bakterien" title="Bakterien">Bakterien</a> (und <a href="Archaeen" title="Archaeen">Archaeen</a>, diese wurden damals noch nicht von den Bakterien unterschieden) bei Temperaturen von über 55 °C nicht überleben könnten.
Man entdeckte jedoch bald, dass viele Bakterien in verschiedenen dieser heißen Quellen selbst bei höheren Temperaturen nicht nur überleben, sondern sogar wachsen und gedeihen.<sup id="cite_ref-Beock1994_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beock1994-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die beiden nahe beieinander liegenden Quellen <a href="Octopus_Spring" title="Octopus Spring">Octopus Spring</a> und Mushroom Spring im unteren Geysir-Becken des Yellowstone-Nationalparks spielen dabei eine bedeutende Rolle.
</p><p>Von besonderem Interesse sind die <a href="Mikroben" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikroben">mikrobiellen</a> Gemeinschaften im Quellbecken und im Abfluss des Mushroom Spring in einem Temperaturbereich bis hinab auf (nur noch) ca. 45° C. Die mikrobielle Gemeinschaft im Unterboden der Quelle und der Abflüsse zeigte sich extrem uneinheitlich. Zwischen 40 und 69° C bilden sich <a href="Phototroph" class="mw-redirect" title="Phototroph">phototrophe</a> mikrobielle Matten.<sup id="cite_ref-Thiel2017_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thiel2017-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Neben den für die Anwendung der <a href="Polymerase-Kettenreaktion" title="Polymerase-Kettenreaktion">Polymerase-Kettenreaktion</a> (PCR) bedeutsamen Bakterien der <a href="Gattung_(Biologie)" title="Gattung (Biologie)">Gattung</a> <i>Thermus</i> wurden in den mikrobiellen Matten der Quelle bzw. der Abflüsse wie auch beim nahe gelegenen <a href="Octopus_Spring" title="Octopus Spring">Octopus Spring</a> Vertreter der <a href="Cyanobakterien" title="Cyanobakterien">Cyanobakterien</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Thiel2017_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thiel2017-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> der <a href="Gr%C3%BCne_Nichtschwefelbakterien" title="Grüne Nichtschwefelbakterien">Grünen Nichtschwefelbakterien</a> (Choroflexi)<sup id="cite_ref-Thiel2017_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thiel2017-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sowie der <a href="Gr%C3%BCne_Schwefelbakterien" title="Grüne Schwefelbakterien">Grünen Schwefelbakterien</a> (Chlorobi)<sup id="cite_ref-Liu2012_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liu2012-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> gefunden.
Dazu kommt eine neue Gruppe mit der Bezeichnung <a href="Acidobacteriota" class="mw-redirect" title="Acidobacteriota">Acidobacteriota</a>.
</p><p>Die <a href="Metagenomik" title="Metagenomik">Metagenomik</a> zeigte dort vorherrschend fadenförmige, anoxygene Chloroflexi der Gattung <i>Roseiflexus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Thiel2017_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thiel2017-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Die <a href="Stickstofffixierung" title="Stickstofffixierung">Stickstofffixierung</a> scheint auf <i><a href="Synechococcus" title="Synechococcus">Synechococcus</a></i> spp.<sup id="cite_ref-A:1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A. 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in der oberen Mattenschicht und <i>Thermodesulfovibrio</i> sp. in der Untermatte beschränkt zu sein, der Nitrat-/Nitritstoffwechsel zeigte sich bei dieser Quelle limitiert.
Ein geschlossener <a href="Schwefel" title="Schwefel">Schwefelkreislauf</a> wird durch die biologische <a href="Reduktion_(Chemie)" title="Reduktion (Chemie)">Reduktion</a> von <a href="Sulfat" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfat">Sulfat</a> in Verbindung <a href="Gen" title="Gen">Genen</a> für die <a href="Oxidation" title="Oxidation">Oxidation</a> von <a href="Sulfid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfid">Sulfid</a> hauptsächlich in <a href="Phototroph" class="mw-redirect" title="Phototroph">phototrophen</a> Mikroorganismen möglich.<sup id="cite_ref-Thiel2017_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thiel2017-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
Außerdem besitzen eine Reihe von Mikroorganismen im Bodenwasser Gene für die Produktion bzw. den Verbrauch von <a href="Wasserstoff" title="Wasserstoff">Wasserstoff</a>, womit die beobachteten Muster der Wasserstoffkonzentration erklärt werden können.<sup id="cite_ref-Thiel2017_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thiel2017-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deinococcus-Thermus">Deinococcus-Thermus</h3></div>
<p>1969 <a href="Prim%C3%A4risolat" title="Primärisolat">isolierten</a> <a href="Thomas_D._Brock" title="Thomas D. Brock">Thomas D. Brock</a> und Hudson Freeze von der <a href="Indiana_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Indiana University">Indiana University</a> aus dem Mushroom Spring einen solch extrem thermophilen Bakterien<a href="Stamm_(Biologie)#Als_taxonomische_Rangstufe_bei_Prokaryoten" title="Stamm (Biologie)">stamm</a>, den sie als <i><a href="Thermus_aquaticus" title="Thermus aquaticus">Thermus aquaticus</a></i> YT-1 bezeichneten;
er war der erste Vertreter der Gattung <i>Thermus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brock1969_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brock1969-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DSMZ_YT-1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DSMZ_YT-1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
Seitdem wurden weitere Spezies und Stämme dieser Gattung aus dem Phylum Deinococcus-Thermus in ähnlichen Umgebungen auf der ganzen Welt gefunden.<sup id="cite_ref-Bryan2008_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bryan2008-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
Insbesondere wurden <i>T. aquaticus</i> selbst zusammen mit mehreren anderen Vertretern der Gattung im nahe gelegenen <a href="Octopus_Spring" title="Octopus Spring">Octopus Spring</a> gefunden.<sup id="cite_ref-Nold1995_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nold1995-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stahl1985_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stahl1985-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NCBI2+3_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCBI2+3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Helm2017_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Helm2017-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
Der Stamm <i>T. thermophilus</i> HB8 (ursprünglich der als Stamm einer Spezies <i>Flavobacterium thermophilum</i> beschrieben,<sup id="cite_ref-Yoshida1971_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yoshida1971-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ab 1974 zur Gattung <i>Thermus</i> verschoben).<sup id="cite_ref-LPSN_Tth_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LPSN_Tth-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dieser wurde im September 1968 von Tairo Oshima aus Proben von der heißen Quelle Mine Onsen (alias Mine Hot Spring)<sup id="cite_ref-MineOnsen_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MineOnsen-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> auf der <a href="Izu-Halbinsel" title="Izu-Halbinsel">Izu-Halbinsel</a> (Japan) isoliert (Yoshida & Oshima, 1971).<sup id="cite_ref-Yoshida1971_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yoshida1971-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NCBI_HB8_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCBI_HB8-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BacDive_HB8_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BacDive_HB8-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Mit Hilfe der <a href="Thermostabile_DNA-Polymerase" title="Thermostabile DNA-Polymerase">thermostabilen DNA-Polymerasen</a> von <i>T. aquaticus</i> (den <i>Taq</i>-Polymerasen) wurde die 1983 von <a href="Kary_Mullis" title="Kary Mullis">Kary Mullis</a> die <a href="PCR" class="mw-redirect" title="PCR">PCR</a> (<span lang="en"><i>polymerase chain reaction</i></span>) so weit verbessert und weiterentwickelt, dass sie erstmals in großem Umfang in der Praxis eingesetzt werden konnte.<sup id="cite_ref-SdW_LdB_Thermus_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SdW_LdB_Thermus-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SdW_LdB_Taq-Polymerase_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SdW_LdB_Taq-Polymerase-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Helm2017_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Helm2017-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
Das Verfahren wurde kontinuierlich in Richtung noch höherer Thermotoleranz und geringerer Fehlerquote weiterentwickelt; zunächst kamen die DNA-Polymerasen von <i>T. thermophilus</i> (<i>Tth</i>-Polymerasen) hinzu.
Inzwischen finden auch in diesem Sinn noch besser geeignete DNA-Polymerasen aus (anderswo gefundenen) thermophilen <a href="Archaeen" title="Archaeen">Archaeen</a> wie <i><a href="Pyrococcus_furiosus" title="Pyrococcus furiosus">Pyrococcus furiosus</a></i> (<i>Pfu</i>-Polymerasen) und <i>Thermococcus litoralis</i> (<i>Vent</i>-Polymerasen) Anwendung.<sup id="cite_ref-SdW_LdB_Thermus_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SdW_LdB_Thermus-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SdW_LdB_Taq-Polymerase_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SdW_LdB_Taq-Polymerase-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chloroflexi">Chloroflexi</h3></div>
<p>Unter den Chloroflexi fanden sich hier (wie auch im Octopus Spring) Vertreter der Gattungen <i>Roseiflexus</i>, <i>Chloroflexus</i> sowie <i>Anaerolineae</i>-ähnliche Arten.<sup id="cite_ref-Liu2012_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liu2012-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chlorobi">Chlorobi</h3></div>
<p>Unter den Chlorobien fanden sich hier (ebenfalls wie auch im Octopus Spring) „<i>Candidatus</i> Thermochlorobacter aerophilus“<sup id="cite_ref-LPSN_Tae_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LPSN_Tae-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> syn. „<i>Ca.</i> T. aerophilum“,<sup id="cite_ref-LPSN_Tae_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LPSN_Tae-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GTDB_Tae_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GTDB_Tae-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NCBI_Tae_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCBI_Tae-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Familie Thermochlorobacteraceae bzw. Chloroherpetonaceae in der Ordnung <a href="Chlorobiales" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorobiales">Chlorobiales</a>. Referenzstamm ist OS GSB<sup id="cite_ref-LPSN_Tae_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LPSN_Tae-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (oder kurz OS<sup id="cite_ref-GTDB_Tae_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GTDB_Tae-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NCBI_Tae_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCBI_Tae-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-Liu2012_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liu2012-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acidobacteriota">Acidobacteriota</h3></div>
<p>Entdeckt wurde zudem „<i>Candidatus</i> Chloracidobacterium thermophilum“, diese Spezies wird heute meist den Blastocatellia (früher genannt Acidobacteria subdivision 4)<sup id="cite_ref-NCBI_Cth_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCBI_Cth-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GTDB_Cth_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GTDB_Cth-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (oder den Terriglobia<sup id="cite_ref-LPSN_Cth_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LPSN_Cth-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) in Phylum Acidobacteriota zugerechnet.<sup id="cite_ref-NCBI_Cth_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCBI_Cth-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GTDB_Cth_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GTDB_Cth-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LPSN_Cth_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LPSN_Cth-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Liu2012_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liu2012-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Referenzstamm ist B alias ATCC BAA-2647 oder JCM 3019.<sup id="cite_ref-LPSN_Cth_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LPSN_Cth-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
<ul><li>Marybeth Shea: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/articles/thermophile-yell.htm">Discovering Life in Yellowstone Where Nobody Thought it Could Exist</a>. Serie: Parks in Science History. <a href="National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> (NPS). Mit Nahaufnahme vom Mushroom Pool und der Geschichte der <a href="PCR" class="mw-redirect" title="PCR">PCR</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317115056/https://www.nps.gov/articles/thermophile-yell.htm">Memento</a> im Webarchiv vom 17. März 2023.</li>
<li>Thomas D. Brock: <i>The Road to Yellowstone – And Beyond</i>. In: <i>Annual Reviews Microbiol.</i>, Band 49, 1995, S. 1–28; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.mi.49.100195.000245" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1146/annurev.mi.49.100195.000245">doi:10.1146/annurev.mi.49.100195.000245</a>.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anmerkungen">Anmerkungen</h2></div>
<ol class="references" data-mw-group="A.">
<li id="cite_note-A:1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-A:1_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">
Hier sind vermutlich die <a href="Thermophil" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermophil">thermophilen</a> Spezies bzw. Stämme der Gattung <i><a href="Synechococcus" title="Synechococcus">Synechococcus</a></i> im herkömmlichen Sinn zu verstehen. Entsprechend einer Reorganisation derselben werden diese bisherigen Mitglieder in die Gattungen <i>Thermosynechococcus</i> und <i>Thermostichus</i>/„<i>Synechococcus_A</i>“ übergeführt, siehe <a href="Obsidian_Pool#Bakterien" title="Obsidian Pool">Obsidian Pool §Cyanobakterien</a>.</span>
</li>
</ol>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-Montana_MS-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Montana_MS_1-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Montana_MS_1-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">
Don A. Bryant, John F. Heidelberg, D. Kirk Nordstrom, Frank F. Roberto, Dave M. Ward:
<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rcn.montana.edu/Features/Detail.aspx?id=9908">Mushroom Spring</a>. <a href="Montana_State_University" title="Montana State University">Montana State University</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-GoogleM_MP-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-GoogleM_MP_2-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-GoogleM_MP_2-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">
<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.de/maps/search/mushroom+pool/@44.4748276,-111.2269683,9z">Mushroom Pool</a>. Auf: Google Maps.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Thiel2017-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Thiel2017_3-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Thiel2017_3-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Thiel2017_3-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Thiel2017_3-3">d</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Thiel2017_3-4">e</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Thiel2017_3-5">f</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Thiel2017_3-6">g</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Thiel2017_3-7">h</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Thiel2017_3-8">i</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">
Vera Thiel, Michael Hügler, David M. Ward, Donald A. Bryant: <i>The Dark Side of the Mushroom Spring Microbial Mat: Life in the Shadow of Chlorophototrophs. II. Metabolic Functions of Abundant Community Members Predicted from Metagenomic Analyses</i>. In: <i>Frontiers in Microbiology</i>, Sec. Extreme Microbiology, Band 8, 6. Juni 2017; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.00943" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.3389/fmicb.2017.00943">doi:10.3389/fmicb.2017.00943</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Bryan2008-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Bryan2008_4-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Bryan2008_4-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">
<span class="book">T. Scott Bryan: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">The Geysers of Yellowstone</cite>. 4. Auflage. University Press of Colorado, 2008, ISBN 978-0-87081-924-7 (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Mushroom+Spring&rft.au=T.+Scott%26%2332%3BBryan&rft.btitle=The+Geysers+of+Yellowstone&rft.date=2008-07-15&rft.edition=4&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780870819247&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Colorado" style="display:none"> </span></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Beock1994-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Beock1994_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Thomas_D._Brock" title="Thomas D. Brock">Thomas D. Brock</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r261891140">
/* start https://de.wikipedia.org/ */
.mw-parser-output .webarchiv-memento a{color:inherit}
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</style><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200324115759/https://bioinfo.bact.wisc.edu/themicrobialworld/LAHT/b1.html"><i>Life at High Temperatures</i></a> (<span class="webarchiv-memento"><a href="Webarchivierung#Begrifflichkeiten" title="Webarchivierung">Memento</a></span> des <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r250917974">
/* start https://de.wikipedia.org/ */
.mw-parser-output .dewiki-iconexternal>a{background-position:center right!important;background-repeat:no-repeat!important}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .dewiki-iconexternal>a{background-image:url("./_mw_/OOjs_UI_icon_external-link-ltr-progressive.svg")!important;background-size:10px!important;padding-right:13px!important}body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .dewiki-iconexternal>a,body.skin-monobook .mw-parser-output .dewiki-iconexternal>a{background-image:url("./_mw_/MediaWiki_external_link_icon.svg")!important;padding-right:13px!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output .dewiki-iconexternal>a{background-image:url("./_mw_/Link.ernal-small-ltr-progressive.svg")!important;background-size:0.857em!important;padding-right:1em!important}
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</style><span class="dewiki-iconexternal"><a class="external text" href="https://redirecter.toolforge.org/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fbioinfo.bact.wisc.edu%2Fthemicrobialworld%2FLAHT%2Fb1.html">Originals</a></span> vom 24. März 2020 im <i><a href="Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></i>) <small class="archiv-bot"><span class="wp_boppel noviewer" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="i"></span></span></span> <b>Info:</b> Der Archivlink wurde automatisch eingesetzt und noch nicht geprüft. Bitte prüfe Original- und Archivlink gemäß Anleitung und entferne dann diesen Hinweis.</small><span style="display:none"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://IABotmemento.invalid/https://bioinfo.bact.wisc.edu/themicrobialworld/LAHT/b1.html">@1</a></span><span style="display:none"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioinfo.bact.wisc.edu/themicrobialworld/LAHT/b1.html">@2</a></span><span style="display:none">Vorlage:Webachiv/IABot/bioinfo.bact.wisc.edu</span>. <a href="University_of_Wisconsin" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Wisconsin">University of Wisconsin</a>, Department of Bacteriology (bact.wisc.edu), Bioinfo-Server. Essay von 1994.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Liu2012-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Liu2012_6-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Liu2012_6-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Liu2012_6-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Liu2012_6-3">d</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">
Zhenfeng Liu, Christian G. Klatt, Marcus Ludwig, Douglas B. Rusch, Sheila I. Jensen, Michael Kühl, David M. Ward, Donald A. Bryant: <i>‘</i>Candidatus<i> Thermochlorobacter aerophilum:’ an aerobic chlorophotoheterotrophic member of the phylum </i>Chlorobi<i> defined by metagenomics and metatranscriptomics</i>. In: <i><a href="Nature" title="Nature">Nature</a></i>: <i>The ISME Journal</i>, Band 6, S. 1869–1882, 29. März 2012; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2012.24" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1038/ismej.2012.24">doi:10.1038/ismej.2012.24</a>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22456447?dopt=Abstract">PMID 22456447</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3446795/">PMC 3446795</a> (freier Volltext).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Brock1969-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Brock1969_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">
<a href="Thomas_D._Brock" title="Thomas D. Brock">Thomas D. Brock</a>, Hudson Freeze: <i></i>Thermus aquaticus<i> gen. n. and sp. n., a Nonsporulating Extreme Thermophile</i>. In: <i>ASM Journals</i>: <i>Journal of Bacteriology</i>, Band 98, Nr. 1, 1. April 1969; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.98.1.289-297.1969" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1128/jb.98.1.289-297.1969">doi:10.1128/jb.98.1.289-297.1969</a>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5781580?dopt=Abstract">PMID 5781580</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC249935/">PMC 249935</a> (freier Volltext), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC249935/pdf/jbacter00390-0321.pdf">PDF</a>. Siehe insbes. Tbl. 1 (Fundort YT-1: Mushroom Spring, Station I).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-DSMZ_YT-1-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-DSMZ_YT-1_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">
<a href="DSMZ" class="mw-redirect" title="DSMZ">DSMZ</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dsmz.de/collection/catalogue/details/culture/DSM-625">DSMZ Thermus aquaticus YT-1</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Nold1995-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Nold1995_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">
Stephen C. Nold, David M. Ward: <i>Diverse </i>Thermus<i> Species Inhabit a Single Hot Spring Microbial Mat</i>. In: <i>Systematic and Applied Microbiology</i>, Band 18, Nr. 2, 1. Januar 1995, S. 274–278; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/s0723-2020(11)80398-x" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1016/s0723-2020(11)80398-x">doi:10.1016/s0723-2020(11)80398-x</a>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11539573?dopt=Abstract">PMID 11539573</a>. Anm.: Abhängig von der Plattform kann im Titel <i>Thermus</i> als <i>Thermlus</i> verschrieben sein (korrekt auf PubMed und im PDF).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Stahl1985-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Stahl1985_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">
D. A. Stahl, D. J. Lane, G. J, Olsen, N. R. Pace: <i>Characterization of a Yellowstone hot spring microbial community by 5S rRNA sequences</i>. In: <i>ASM Journals</i>: <i>Applied and Environmental Microbiology</i>, Band 49, Nr. 6, 1. Juni 1985; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.49.6.1379-1384.1" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1128/aem.49.6.1379-1384.1">doi:10.1128/aem.49.6.1379-1384.1</a>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2409920?dopt=Abstract">PMID 2409920</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC241732/">PMC 241732</a> (freier Volltext).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-NCBI2+3-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NCBI2+3_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">
<a href="National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a> Nucleotide:
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/M16531.1">Thermus sp. (from Octopus Spring 2) 5S rRNA</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/M16532.1">Thermus sp. (from Octopus Spring 3) 5S rRNA</a></li></ul>
</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Helm2017-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Helm2017_13-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Helm2017_13-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">
Catherine C. Helm-Clark: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gnarlyscience.com/merry-blogmas-dna-yellowstone/">MERRY BLOGMAS FOR DECEMBER 9: DNA AND YELLOWSTONE. THE BIRTHPLACE OF DNA FINGERPRINTING BY THE PCR METHOD</a>. Blog auf: Gnarly Science vom 9. Dezember 2017.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Yoshida1971-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Yoshida1971_14-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Yoshida1971_14-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">
Masasuke Yoshida, Tairo Oshima: <i>The thermostable allosteric nature of fructose 1,6-diphosphatase from an extreme thermophile</i>. In: <i>Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications</i>, Band 45, Nr. 2, 15. Oktober 1971, S. 495–500; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-291X(71)90846-1" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1016/0006-291X(71)90846-1">doi:10.1016/0006-291X(71)90846-1</a>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4334342?dopt=Abstract">PMID 4334342</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-LPSN_Tth-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-LPSN_Tth_15-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">
<a href="LPSN" class="mw-redirect" title="LPSN">LPSN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lpsn.dsmz.de/species/thermus-thermophilus">Species <i>Thermus thermophilus</i></a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-MineOnsen-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-MineOnsen_16-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">
<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://japantravel.navitime.com/en/area/jp/spot/02301-2100480/">Mine Onsen Daifunto Park: Hot Spring / Hot Spring Bath</a>. Auf: Japantravel.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-NCBI_HB8-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NCBI_HB8_17-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">
<a href="National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a> Taxonomy Browser: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=300852">Thermus thermophilus HB8</a> (strain), heterotypic synonym: Thermus thermophilus ATCC 27634. Dazu:
<ul><li>NCBI BioProject: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioproject/PRJDB11006">Whole-genome sequencing of novel Thermus thermophilus strains isolated from Mine Onsen hot spring</a>.</li>
<li>NCBI Nucleotide: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/AP025540.1">Thermus thermophilus HB8_001 DNA, complete genome</a>.</li></ul>
</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-BacDive_HB8-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-BacDive_HB8_18-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">
Bac<i>Dive</i>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bacdive.dsmz.de/strain/16717">Thermus thermophilus HB8 is a thermophilic bacterium that was isolated from hot spring</a>. Auf <a href="DSMZ" class="mw-redirect" title="DSMZ">dsmz.de</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230319051455/https://bacdive.dsmz.de/strain/16717">Memento</a> im Webarchiv vom 19. März 2023.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-SdW_LdB_Thermus-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-SdW_LdB_Thermus_19-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-SdW_LdB_Thermus_19-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">
<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spektrum.de/lexikon/biologie/thermus/66336">Thermus</a>. Lexikon der Biologie auf <a href="Spektrum.de" title="Spektrum.de">spektrum.de</a>, 1999.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-SdW_LdB_Taq-Polymerase-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-SdW_LdB_Taq-Polymerase_20-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-SdW_LdB_Taq-Polymerase_20-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">
<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spektrum.de/lexikon/biologie/taq-dna-polymerase/65425">Taq-DNA-Polymerase</a>. Lexikon der Biologie auf <a href="Spektrum.de" title="Spektrum.de">spektrum.de</a>, 1999.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-LPSN_Tae-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-LPSN_Tae_21-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-LPSN_Tae_21-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-LPSN_Tae_21-2">c</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">
<a href="LPSN" class="mw-redirect" title="LPSN">LPSN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lpsn.dsmz.de/species/thermochlorobacter-aerophilus">Species "<i>Candidatus</i> Thermochlorobacter aerophilus"</a>, synonym "<i>Candidatus</i> Thermochlorobacter aerophilum" – Type strain: OS GSB.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-GTDB_Tae-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-GTDB_Tae_22-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-GTDB_Tae_22-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">
<a href="GTDB" class="mw-redirect" title="GTDB">GTDB</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gtdb.ecogenomic.org/tree?r=s__Thermochlorobacter%20aerophilum">Thermochlorobacter aerophilum</a> (species), dazu: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gtdb.ecogenomic.org/genome?gid=GCA_002794105.1">GCA_002794105.1</a>: <i>Thermochlorobacter aerophilum</i> – NCBI strain identifiers: OS.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-NCBI_Tae-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NCBI_Tae_23-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NCBI_Tae_23-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">
<a href="National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a> Taxonomy Browser: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=1868324">Candidatus Thermochlorobacter aerophilum</a> (species), dazu: NCBI Nucleotide: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/PHFL00000000.1">MAG: Candidatus Thermochlorobacter aerophilum isolate OS,…</a>. Isolation source: Yellowstone National Park Mushroom and Octopus hot spring.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-NCBI_Cth-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NCBI_Cth_24-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NCBI_Cth_24-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">
<a href="National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a> Taxonomy Browser: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=458033">Chloracidobacterium thermophilum</a> (species), dazu: NCBI Nucleotide: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NZ_CP072632.1">Chloracidobacterium thermophilum strain B …</a> USA: Octopus Spring, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-GTDB_Cth-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-GTDB_Cth_25-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-GTDB_Cth_25-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">
<a href="GTDB" class="mw-redirect" title="GTDB">GTDB</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gtdb.ecogenomic.org/tree?r=s__Chloracidobacterium%20thermophilum">Chloracidobacterium thermophilum</a> (species).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-LPSN_Cth-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-LPSN_Cth_26-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-LPSN_Cth_26-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-LPSN_Cth_26-2">c</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">
<a href="LPSN" class="mw-redirect" title="LPSN">LPSN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lpsn.dsmz.de/species/chloracidobacterium-thermophilum-1">Species "<i>Chloracidobacterium thermophilum</i>"</a> – Type strain: ATCC BAA-2647; B; JCM 30199.</span>
</li>
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